Child Sacrifice in Ancient Israel Dewrell Heath D Review

Killing of a child to gratify a tribe or deity

Child cede is the ritualistic killing of children in order to delight or appease a deity, supernatural beings, or sacred social order, tribal, group or national loyalties in lodge to achieve a desired issue. As such, it is a form of man sacrifice. Child sacrifice is thought to be an extreme extension of the idea that, the more than of import the object of sacrifice, the more than devout the person giving it up is.^[1]

The practise of child sacrifice in Europe and the Almost East appears to have concluded as a part of the religious transformations of late artifact.^[two]

Pre-Columbian cultures [edit]

Archaeologists have found the remains of more 140 children who were sacrificed in Peru's northern coastal region.^[3]

Aztec culture [edit]

1499, the Aztecs performing child sacrifice to gratify the angry gods who had flooded Tenochtitlan

Archeologists accept establish remains of 42 children. It is alleged that these remains were sacrificed to Tlaloc (and a few to Ehécatl, Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli) in the offerings of the Swell Pyramid of Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs of pre-Columbian Mexico. In every case, the 42 children, mostly males aged around six, were suffering from serious cavities, abscesses or bone infections that would have been painful enough to make them cry continually. Tlaloc required the tears of the young then their tears would wet the earth. As a result, if children did not weep, the priests would sometimes tear off the children's nails before the ritual cede.^[four]

Man cede was an everyday activity in Tenochtitlan and women and children were not exempt.^{[v] [vi] [ full commendation needed ] [7] [eight]} Co-ordinate to Bernardino de Sahagún, the Aztecs believed that, if sacrifices were not given to Tlaloc, the rain would not come and their crops would not grow.

Inca culture [edit]

The Inca civilization sacrificed children in a ritual called qhapaq hucha. Their frozen corpses have been discovered in the Southward American mountaintops. The first of these corpses, a female child who had died from a blow to the skull, was discovered in 1995 past Johan Reinhard.^[ix] Other methods of cede included strangulation and simply leaving the children, who had been given an exhilarant drink, to lose consciousness in the extreme common cold and low-oxygen weather of the mountaintop, and to dice of hypothermia.

Maya culture [edit]

In Maya culture, people believed that supernatural beings had power over their lives and this is one reason that child sacrifice occurred.^[7] The sacrifices were essentially to satisfy the supernatural beings. This was done through k'ex, which is an substitution or substitution of something.^[7] Through k'ex infants would substitute more powerful humans.^[7] It was thought that supernatural beings would swallow the souls of more powerful humans and infants were substituted in order to prevent that.^[seven] Infants are believed to be expert offerings because they have a shut connection to the spirit world through liminality.^[10] It is likewise believed that parents in Maya culture would offer their children for sacrifice and depictions of this testify that this was a very emotional time for the parents, only they would deport through because they thought the kid would continue existing.^[x] It is also known that infant sacrifices occurred at certain times. Child sacrifice was preferred when there was a time of crisis and transitional times such as dearth and drought.^[seven]

In that location is archaeological evidence of infant cede in tombs where the infant has been buried in urns or ceramic vessels. There have too been depictions of child sacrifice in art. Some art includes pottery and steles as well as references to baby cede in mythology and art depictions of the mythology.

Moche civilization [edit]

The Moche of northern Peru proficient mass sacrifices of men and boys.^[xi]

Timoto-Cuica culture [edit]

The Timoto-Cuicas offered human sacrifices. Until colonial times children cede persisted secretly in Laguna de Urao (Mérida). It was described by the chronicler Juan de Castellanos, who cited that feasts and human sacrifices were done in honour of Icaque, an Andean prehispanic goddess.^{[12] [xiii]}

Ancient About East [edit]

Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) [edit]

The Tanakh mentions human sacrifice in the history of ancient Virtually Eastern practice. The king of Moab gives his firstborn son and heir as a whole burnt offer (olah, as used of the Temple sacrifice). In the volume of the prophet Micah, the question is asked, 'Shall I give my firstborn for my sin, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?',^[fourteen] and responded to in the phrase, 'He has shown all you people what is skillful. And what does Yahweh require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.'^[15] The Tanakh likewise implies that the Ammonites offered child sacrifices to Moloch.^[sixteen]

Ban in Leviticus [edit]

In Leviticus eighteen:21, xx:3 and Deuteronomy 12:30–31, 18:10, the Torah contains a number of imprecations against and laws forbidding kid cede and human sacrifice in full general. The Tanakh denounces human sacrifice as barbaric community of Baal worshippers (e.g. Psalms 106:37). James Kugel argues that the Torah's specifically forbidding kid sacrifice indicates that it happened in Israel every bit well.^[17] The biblical scholar Mark South. Smith argues that the mention of "Topeth" in Isaiah 30:27–33 indicates an acceptance of kid sacrifice in the early on Jerusalem practices, to which the constabulary in Leviticus 20:two–5 forbidding child sacrifice is a response.^[xviii] Some scholars have stated that at least some Israelites and Judahites believed child sacrifice was a legitimate religious practice.^[nineteen]

Binding of Isaac [edit]

Genesis relates the binding of Isaac, past Abraham to nowadays his son, Isaac, as a sacrifice on Mount Moriah. It was a examination of faith (Genesis 21:12). Abraham agrees to this control without arguing. The story ends with an angel stopping Abraham at the last minute and making Isaac's cede unnecessary by providing a ram, defenseless in some nearby bushes, to be sacrificed instead. Francesca Stavrakopoulou has speculated that information technology is possible that the story "contains traces of a tradition in which Abraham does sacrifice Isaac". Rabbi A.I. Kook, first Chief Rabbi of State of israel, stressed that the climax of the story, commanding Abraham not to sacrifice Isaac, is the whole point: to put an end to the ritual of kid cede, which contradicts the morality of a perfect and giving (non taking) monotheistic God.^[20] According to Irving Greenberg the story of the binding of Isaac, symbolizes the prohibition to worship God by human sacrifices, at a time when man sacrifices were the norm worldwide.^[21]

Gehenna and Tophet [edit]

Further information: Moloch

The most extensive accounts of kid sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible refer to those carried out in Gehenna by two kings of Judah, Ahaz and Manasseh of Judah.^[22]

Judges [edit]

In the Volume of Judges, the figure of Jephthah makes a vow to God, maxim, "If you requite the Ammonites into my easily, whatever comes out of the door of my business firm to meet me when I render in triumph from the Ammonites volition exist the Lord's, and I volition cede it every bit a burnt offering" (equally worded in the New International Version). Jephthah succeeds in winning a victory, but when he returns to his abode in Mizpah he sees his daughter, dancing to the sound of timbrels, outside. Later on allowing her two months preparation, Judges 11:39 states that Jephthah kept his vow. According to the commentators of the rabbinic Jewish tradition, Jepthah's girl was not sacrificed merely was forbidden to ally and remained a spinster her unabridged life, fulfilling the vow that she would exist devoted to the Lord.^[23] The 1st-century CE Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, still, understood this to mean that Jephthah burned his daughter on Yahweh'southward altar,^[24] whilst pseudo-Philo, late first century CE, wrote that Jephthah offered his daughter as a burnt offering because he could discover no sage in Israel who would abolish his vow. In other words, this story of human being sacrifice is not an guild or requirement by God, but the punishment for those who vowed to sacrifice humans.^[25]

Phoenicia and Carthage [edit]

The practice of child sacrifice among Canaanite groups is attested past numerous sources spanning over a millennium. One example is in the writings of Diodorus Siculus:

"They also alleged that Kronos had turned confronting them inasmuch every bit in sometime times they had been accustomed to sacrifice to this god the noblest of their sons, but more recently, secretly buying and nurturing children, they had sent these to the sacrifice; and when an investigation was made, some of those who had been sacrificed were discovered to have been substituted past stealth... In their zeal to make amends for the omission, they selected ii hundred of the noblest children and sacrificed them publicly; and others who were nether suspicion sacrificed themselves voluntarily, in number non less than three hundred. There was in the city a bronze prototype of Kronos, extending its hands, palms up and sloping towards the basis, and then that each of the children when placed thereon rolled downward and brutal into a sort of gaping pit filled with fire. Information technology is likely that information technology was from this that Euripides has drawn the mythical story institute in his works nearly the sacrifice in Tauris, in which he presents Iphigeneia being asked by Orestes: "But what tomb shall receive me when I die? A sacred burn down within, and globe's wide rift." Also the story passed downwards among the Greeks from ancient myth that Cronus did away with his ain children appears to have been kept in mind among the Carthaginians through this observance." Library 20.1.4

Plutarch:

"Once again, would information technology not have been far better for the Carthaginians to have taken Critias or Diagoras to draw up their constabulary-lawmaking at the very beginning, and so not to believe in any divine power or god, rather than to offering such sacrifices equally they used to offering to Cronos? These were not in the fashion that Empedocles describes in his attack on those who sacrifice living creatures: "Changed in form is the son beloved of his father so pious,Who on the chantry lays him and slays him. What folly!" No, but with full knowledge and understanding they themselves offered up their ain children, and those who had no children would buy footling ones from poor people and cut their throats every bit if they were so many lambs or young birds; meanwhile the female parent stood by without a tear or moan; but should she utter a unmarried moan or let fall a single tear, she had to forfeit the coin, and her child was sacrificed all the same; and the whole surface area earlier the statue was filled with a loud noise of flutes and drums so that the cries of wailing should non achieve the ears of the people." Moralia 2, De Superstitione 3

Plato:

"With us, for instance, human being cede is not legal, merely unholy, whereas the Carthaginians perform it equally a affair they business relationship holy and legal, and that too when some of them sacrifice even their ain sons to Cronos, as I daresay you yourself accept heard." (Minos 315)

Theophrastus:

"And from then on to the present day they perform human sacrifices with the participation of all, not simply in Arcadia during the Lykaia and in Carthage to Kronos, only as well periodically, in remembrance of the customary usage, they spill the blood of their own kin on the altars, even though the divine law among them bars from the rites, by means of perirrhanteria and the herald's proclamation, anyone responsible for the shedding of blood in peacetime."^[26]

Sophocles:

". . . was chosen as a . . . sacrifice for the metropolis. For from ancient times the barbarians have had a custom of sacrificing human beings to Kronos."

Quintus Curtius Rufus:

"Some even proposed renewing a sacrifice which had been discontinued for many years, and which I for my part should believe to be by no ways pleasing to the gods, of offer a freeborn boy to Saturn —this sacrilege rather than sacrifice, handed down from their founders, the Carthaginians are said to have performed until the destruction of their metropolis—and unless the elders, in accord with whose counsel everything was washed, had opposed it, the atrocious superstition would accept prevailed over mercy. But necessity, more than inventive than whatever art, introduced non merely the usual means of defence, but also some novel ones." History of Alexander Four.Iii.23

Tertullian:

"In Africa infants used to be sacrificed to Saturn, and quite openly, down to the proconsulate of Tiberius, who took the priests themselves and on the very trees of their temple, nether whose shadow their crimes had been committed, hung them alive like votive offerings on crosses; and the soldiers of my own country are witnesses to it, who served that proconsul in that very task. Aye, and to this day that holy crime persists in underground." Apology 9.2-iii

Philo of Byblos:

"Among aboriginal peoples in critically dangerous situations information technology was customary for the rulers of a city or nation, rather than lose anybody, to provide the dearest of their children as a propitiatory sacrifice to the avenging deities. The children thus given upwardly were slaughtered according to a secret ritual. Now Kronos, whom the Phoenicians call El, who was in their country and who was later divinized after his death as the star of Kronos, had an but son past a local bride named Anobret, and therefore they called him Ieoud. Even now among the Phoenicians the only son is given this name. When war'due south gravest dangers gripped the state, Kronos dressed his son in purple attire, prepared an altar and sacrificed him."^[27]

Lucian:

"There is another form of sacrifice here. After putting a garland on the sacrificial animals they hurl them down alive from the gateway and the animals dice from the fall. Some even throw their children off the place, merely not in the same way every bit the animals. Instead, having laid them in a pallet, they drop them downwards by hand. At the same time they mock them and say that they are oxen, not children."^[28]

Cleitarchus:

"And Kleitarchos says the Phoenicians, and above all the Carthaginians, venerating Kronos, whenever they were eager for a great thing to succeed, made a vow by one of their children. If they would receive the desired things, they would cede it to the god. A statuary Kronos, having been erected past them, stretched out upturned hands over a bronze oven to burn down the child. The flame of the burning child reached its body until, the limbs having shriveled upwards and the smiling mouth appearing to be nigh laughing, it would skid into the oven. Therefore the grin is called "sardonic laughter," since they dice laughing."^[29]

Porphyry:

"The Phoenicians too, in bully disasters whether of wars or droughts, or plagues, used to sacrifice one of their honey, dedicating him to Kronos. And the 'Phoenician History,' which Sanchuniathon wrote in Phoenician and which Philo of Byblos translated into Greek in eight books, is full of such sacrifices."^[xxx]

And in the Books of Kings:

"When the rex of Moab saw that the boxing had gone against him, he took with him 7 hundred swordsmen to break through to the king of Edom, simply they failed. Then he took his firstborn son, who was to succeed him equally male monarch, and offered him as a sacrifice on the urban center wall. The fury against Israel was great; they withdrew and returned to their own country." (ii Kings 3:26-27)

At Carthage, a big cemetery exists that combines the bodies of both very young children and small animals, and those who assert child cede have argued that if the animals were sacrificed, and then so too were the children.^[31] Recent archaeology, however, has produced a detailed breakup of the ages of the buried children and, based on this and especially on the presence of prenatal individuals – that is, still births – it is also argued that this site is consistent with burials of children who had died of natural causes in a society that had a high infant mortality rate, as Carthage is assumed to take had. That is, the data back up the view that Tophets were cemeteries for those who died before long before or after birth.^[31] Conversely, Patricia Smith and colleagues from the Hebrew University and Harvard University show from the teeth and skeletal assay at the Carthage Tophet that infant ages at death (about 2 months) do non correlate with the expected ages of natural mortality (perinatal), obviously supporting the child sacrifice thesis.^[32]

Greek, Roman and Israelite writers refer to Phoenician kid sacrifice. Skeptics suggest that the bodies of children institute in Carthaginian and Phoenician cemeteries were merely the cremated remains of children that died naturally.^[33] Sergio Ribichini has argued that the Tophet was "a child necropolis designed to receive the remains of infants who had died prematurely of sickness or other natural causes, and who for this reason were "offered" to specific deities and buried in a identify different from the ane reserved for the ordinary expressionless".^[34]

According to Stager and Wolff, in 1984, there was a consensus among scholars that Carthaginian children were sacrificed past their parents, who would make a vow to impale the next kid if the gods would grant them a favor: for instance that their shipment of goods was to go far safely in a foreign port.^[35]

Pre-Islamic Arabia [edit]

The Quran documents heathen Arabians sacrificing their children to idols.^{[Quran half dozen:137] [ non-primary source needed ]}

Europe [edit]

The Minoan civilisation, located in ancient Crete, is widely accepted as the kickoff civilization in Europe. An expedition to Knossos by the British School of Athens, led by Peter Warren, excavated a mass grave of sacrifices, specially children, and unearthed evidence of cannibalism.^{[36] [37]}

clear testify that their flesh was carefully cut abroad, much in the style of sacrificed animals. In fact, the basic of slaughtered sheep were found with those of the children... Moreover, as far as the bones are concerned, the children appear to have been in good wellness. Startling every bit it may seem, the available evidence and then far points to an argument that the children were slaughtered and their flesh cooked and peradventure eaten in a sacrifice ritual made in the service of a nature deity to clinch an almanac renewal of fertility.^{[38] [39]}

Additionally, Rodney Castleden uncovered a sanctuary nearly Knossos where the remains of a 17-yr-quondam were found sacrificed.

His ankles had patently been tied and his legs folded upwardly to make him fit on the table... He had been ritually murdered with the long bronze dagger engraved with a boar's head that lay abreast him.^[40]

At Woodhenge, a immature kid was establish cached with its skull divide by a weapon. This has been interpreted by the excavators as child sacrifice,^[41] as take other human remains.

The Ver Sacrum ("A Sacred Leap") was a custom by which a Greco-Roman city would devote and sacrifice everything born in the spring, whether fauna or human being, to a god, in order to relieve some cataclysm.^[42]

Africa [edit]

Due south Africa [edit]

The connected murder of blackness children of all ages, for trunk parts with which to make muti, for purposes of witchcraft, still occurs in South Africa. Muti murders occur throughout South Africa, peculiarly in rural areas. Traditional healers or witch doctors oftentimes grind up body parts and combine them with roots, herbs, seawater, creature parts, and other ingredients to set up potions and spells for their clients.^[43]

Uganda [edit]

In the early on 21st century Republic of uganda has experienced a revival of child cede. In spite of government attempts to downplay the issue, an investigation by the BBC into human sacrifice in Republic of uganda found that ritual killings of children are more than common than Ugandan authorities admit.^[44] There are many indicators that politicians and politically connected wealthy businessmen are involved in sacrificing children in practice of traditional organized religion, which has go a commercial enterprise.^[45]

See besides [edit]

• Child cannibalism
• Early infanticidal childrearing

• Human cede
• Infanticide
• Religious abuse
• Religious violence

References [edit]

1. ^ "LacusCurtius • Greek and Roman Sacrifices (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)". Retrieved five August 2015.
2. ^ Guy Strousma, "The Stop of Sacrifice" in The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity (Oxford 2015). Academia link.
3. ^ "Peru child sacrifice discovery may exist largest in history". BBC News. 28 April 2018.
4. ^ Duverger, Christian (2005). La flor letal. Fondo de cultura económica. pp. 128–29.
5. ^ Cortes. Letter 105.
6. ^ Motolinia, History of the Indies, 118–119
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Scherer, Andrew (2012). Mortuary Landscapes of the Classic Maya. Academy of Texas Press.
8. ^ "Aztec belfry of human being skulls uncovered in Mexico City". BBC News. 2 July 2017. Retrieved iii July 2017.
9. ^ http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/precolumbian.html Archived 19 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine - "Pre-Columbian Andean Sacrifices"
10. ^ ^{a b} Ardren, Traci (2015). "Burial and the Social Imaginary of Babyhood". Social Identities in the Archetype Maya Northern Lowlands: Gender, Age, Retentivity, and Place.
11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080506113520/http://www.exn.ca/mummies/story.asp?id=1999041452 – Discovery Channel - Annal.org article
12. ^ http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/18495/ane/articulo3.pdf De los timoto-cuicas a la invisibilidad del indigena andino y a su diversidad cultural
13. ^ http://issuu.com/bnahem/docs/revista_digital_timoto_cuicas Timoto-Cuicas
14. ^ Micah vi:seven
15. ^ Micah half-dozen:8
16. ^ "First Person: Human Sacrifice to an Ammonite God?". Biblical Archaeology Society. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
17. ^ " It was not but amid Israel's neighbours that child cede was countenanced, but apparently within Israel itself. Why else would biblical police specifically preclude such things – and with such vehemence?" However, Chananya Goldberg argues that such a signal is illogical - for if it were to be accustomed, ane would be forced to presume that, within Israel, people killed, stole and injured with impunity. James Kugel (2008). How to Read the Bible, p. 131.
18. ^ " Smith likewise cites Ezekiel twenty:25–26 as an instance of where Yahweh refers to "the sacrifice of every firstborn". These passages indicate that in the 7th-century child sacrifice was a Judean do performed in the proper noun of YHWH...In Isaiah 30:27–33 there is no crime taken at the Tophet, the precinct of kid sacrifice. It would appear that the Jerusalemite cult included kid sacrifice under Yahwistic patronage; information technology is this that Leviticus xx:2–five deplores." Mark S. Smith (2002). The early history of God: Yahweh and the other deities in ancient Israel, pp. 172–178.
19. ^
    • Susan Nidditch (1993). War in the Hebrew Bible: A Report in the Ethics of Violence, Oxford University Printing, p. 47. "While there is considerable controversy about the matter, the consensus over the last decade concludes that child cede was a part of ancient Israelite religion to large segments of Israelite communities of diverse periods." However, no mainstream Jewish sources permit child-cede, even in theory. All mainstream Jewish sources land, or imply, that such an act is abhorrent.
    • Susan Ackerman (1992). Under Every Dark-green Tree: Popular Religion in Sixth-Century Judah, Scholars Printing, p. 137. "the cult of kid sacrifice was felt in some circles to be a legitimate expression of Yawistic organized religion."
    • Francesca Stavrakopoulou (2004). "King Manasseh and Child Cede: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities', p283. "Though the Hebrew Bible portrays child sacrifice as a foreign do, several texts indicates that it was a native chemical element of Judahite deity-worship."
20. ^ "Olat Reiya", p. 93.
21. ^ Irving Greenberg. 1988. The Jewish Fashion: Living the Holidays. New York : Summit Books. p.195.
22. ^ Christopher B. Hays Death in the Iron Age II & in Offset Isaiah 2011 p181 "Efforts to show that the Bible does not portray actual child sacrifice in the Molek cult, simply rather dedication to the god by fire, accept been convincingly disproved. Child cede is well attested in the ancient globe, especially in times of crisis."
23. ^ Radak, Book of Judges 11:39; Metzudas Dovid ibid
24. ^ Brenner, Athalya (1999). Judges: a feminist companion to the Bible. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 74. ISBN978-1-84127-024-1.
25. ^ Newsom, Carol Ann; Ringe, Sharon H.; Lapsley, Jacqueline E. Women's Bible Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 133.
26. ^ Dennis Hughes, Human Sacrifice in Aboriginal Greece, Taylor & Francis 2013, p116
27. ^ fragment in Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica ane.ten.44=4.16.11
28. ^ Heath Dewrell, Child Sacrifice in Aboriginal Israel, Eisenbruans 2017, p43
29. ^ Heath Dewrell, Child Cede in Ancient Israel, Eisenbrauns 2017, p137
30. ^ Albert Baumgartner, The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos: A Commentary, Brill, 1981, p244
31. ^ ^{a b} Skeletal Remains from Punic Carthage Practice Not Support Systematic Sacrifice of Infants http://world wide web.plosone.org/article/info:doi/ten.1371/journal.pone.0009177
32. ^ Avishai, Gal; Greene, Joseph A.; Stager, Lawrence E.; Smith, Patricia (2013). "Cemetery or sacrifice? Infant burials at the Carthage Tophet: Historic period estimations attest to babe cede at the Carthage Tophet". Antiquity. 87 (338): 1191–1199. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00049954. ISSN 1745-1744. S2CID 161040311.
33. ^ Marston, Elsa (2001). The Phoenicians . Marshall Cavendish. ISBN9780761403098 . Retrieved 5 Baronial 2015. child sacrifice.
34. ^ Sergio Ribichini, "Beliefs and Religious Life" in Moscati, Sabatino (ed), The Phoenicians, 1988, p.141
35. ^ Stager, Lawrence; Samuel. R. Wolff (1984). "Child sacrifice in Carthage: religious rite or population command?". Journal of Biblical Archeological Review. January: 31–46.
36. ^ Rodney Castleden, Minoans. Life in Statuary Age Crete (illustrated by the author), London-New York, Routledge,pp. 170–173.
37. ^ Castleden, Rodney (4 January 2002). Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete. ISBN9781134880645.
38. ^ Peter Warren, "Knossos: New Excavations and Discoveries," Archaeology (July / August 1984), pp. 48–55.
39. ^ Minoan Crete and Ecstatic Religion: Preliminary Observations on the 1979 Excavations at Knossos. Front Cover. Peter Warren. 1981
40. ^ Rodney Castleden, The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the "Palace of Minos" at Knossos, 2012, pp. 121–22.
41. ^ Ronald Hutton, The Pagan Religions of the Aboriginal British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy, ISBN 0-631-18946-7, p. xc.
42. ^ "LacusCurtius • Ver Sacrum (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)". Retrieved five August 2015.
43. ^ Vincent, Louise (2008). "New magic for new times: muti murder in autonomous South Africa" (PDF). Studies of Tribes and Tribals. Special Volume No. 2: 43–53. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
44. ^ Tim Whewell, "Witch-doctors reveal extent of child cede in Uganda", BBC News, vii Jan 2010
45. ^ Rogers, Chris 2011. Where kid sacrifice is a business organization, BBC News Africa (11 October): https://www.bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/news/world-africa-15255357#story_continues_1

External links [edit]

• Media related to Kid cede at Wikimedia Commons
• eleven/04/2008 Child survives cede in Uganda UGPulse.com
• Minoan Child Sacrifice

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sacrifice

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